1920 sigmund freud biography wikipedia

This shows that sexual desire, since there are many social prohibitions on sexual relations, is channeled through certain ritual actions and all societies adapt these rituals so that sexuality develops in approved ways. This reveals unconscious desires and their repression. Freud believes that civilization makes people unhappy because it contradicts the desire for progress, freedom, happiness, and wealth.

Civilization requires the repression of drives and instincts such as sexual, aggression, and the death instinct in order that civilization can work. According to Freud, religion originated in pre-historic collective experiences that became repressed and ritualized as totems and taboos. In this 1920 sigmund freud biography wikipedia, Freud attributed the origin of religion to emotions such as hatred, fear, and jealousy.

These emotions are directed towards the father figure in the clan from the sons who are denied sexual desires towards the females. Freud attributed totem religions to be a result of extreme emotion, rash action, and the result of guilt. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is one of the most important books in psychology. It was written by Freud in and it laid the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis.

The book contains twelve chapters on forgetting things such as names, childhood memories, mistakes, clumsiness, slips of the tongue, and determinism of the unconscious. Freud believed that there were reasons that people forget things like words, names, and memories. He also believed that mistakes in speech, now referred to as a Freudian Slipwere not accidents but instead the "dynamic unconscious" revealing something meaningful.

Freud suggested that our every day psychopathology is a minor disturbance of mental life which may quickly pass away. Freud believed all of these acts to have an important significance; the most trivial slips of the tongue or pen may reveal people's secret feelings and fantasies. Pathology is brought into the everyday life which Freud pointed out through dreams, forgetfulness, and parapraxes.

He used these things to make his case for the existence of an unconscious that refuses to be explained or contained by consciousness. Freud explained how the forgetting of multiple events in our everyday life can be consequences of repression, suppression, denial, displacement, and identification. Defense mechanisms occur to protects one's ego so in The Psychopathology of Everyday LifeFreud stated, "painful memories merge into motivated forgetting which special ease".

Three Essays on the Theory of Sexualitysometimes titled Three Contributions to the Theory of Sexwritten in by Sigmund Freud explores and analyzes his 1920 sigmund freud biography wikipedia of sexuality and its presence throughout childhood. Freud's book describes three main topics in reference to sexuality: sexual perversions, childhood sexuality, and puberty.

His first essay in this series is called " The Sexual Aberrations. A sexual object is an object that one desires while the sexual aim is the acts that one desires to perform with the object. Freud's second essay is titled " Infantile Sexuality. The psychosexual stages are the steps a child must take in order to continue having sexual urges once adulthood is reached.

The third essay Freud wrote describes " The Transformation of Puberty. Freud ultimately attempted to link unconscious sexual desires to conscious actions in each of his essays. The Interpretation of Dreams is one of Sigmund Freud's best-known published works. It set the stage for his psychoanalytic work and Freud's approach to the unconscious with regard to the interpretation of dreams.

During therapy sessions with patients, Freud would ask his patients to discuss what was on their minds. Frequently, the responses were directly related to a dream. In addition, he was able to find links between one's current hysterical behaviors and past traumatic experiences. From these experiences, he began to write a book that was designed to help others to understand dream interpretation.

In the book, he discussed his theory of the unconscious. Freud believed that dreams were messages from the unconscious masked as wishes controlled by internal stimuli. The unconscious mind plays the most imperative role in dream interpretation. In order to remain in a state of sleep, the unconscious mind has to detain negative thoughts and represent them in any edited form.

Therefore, when one dreams the unconscious makes an effort to deal with conflict. It would enable one to begin to act on them. There are four steps required to convert dreams from latent or unconscious thoughts to the manifest content. They are condensation, displacement, symbolism, and secondary revision. Ideas first go through a process of condensation that takes thoughts and turns them into a single image.

Then, the true emotional meaning of the dream loses its significance in an element of displacement. This is followed by symbolism representing our latent thoughts in visual form. A special focus on symbolism was emphasized in the interpretation of dreams. Many of the symbolic stages focus on sexual connotations. For example, a tree branch could represent a penis.

Freud believed all human behavior originated from our sexual drives and desires. In the last stage of converting dreams to manifest content dreams are made sensible. The final product of manifest content is what we remember when we come out of our sleep. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools.

Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikidata item. Look to unconscious drives to explain human behavior. For the broader discipline founded by Sigmund Freud, see Psychoanalysis. Important figures. Important works. Freud in effect readopted the original definition in Beyond the Pleasure Principlethis time applying it to a different principle.

He asserted that on certain occasions the mind acts as though it could eliminate tension, or in effect to reduce itself to a state of extinction; his key evidence for this was the existence of the compulsion to repeat. Examples of such repetition included the dream life of traumatic neurotics and children's play. In the phenomenon of repetition, Freud saw a psychic trend to work over earlier impressions, to master them and derive pleasure from them, a trend that was before the pleasure principle but not opposed to it.

In addition to that trend, there was also a principle at work that was opposed to, and thus "beyond" the pleasure principle. If repetition is a necessary element in the binding of energy or adaptation, when carried to inordinate lengths it becomes a means of abandoning adaptations and reinstating earlier or less evolved psychic positions. By combining this idea with the hypothesis that all repetition is a form of discharge, Freud concluded that the compulsion to repeat is an effort to restore a state that is both historically primitive and marked by the total draining of energy: death.

In his essay "Mourning and Melancholia", Freud distinguished mourning, painful but an inevitable part of life, and "melancholia", his term for pathological refusal of a mourner to " decathect " from the lost one. Freud claimed that, in normal mourning, the ego was responsible for narcissistically detaching the libido from the lost one as a means of self-preservation, but that in "melancholia", prior ambivalence towards the lost one prevents this from occurring.

Suicide, Freud hypothesized, could result in extreme cases, when unconscious feelings of conflict became directed against the mourner's own ego. Freud's account of femininity is grounded in his theory of psychic development as it traces the uneven transition from the earliest stages of infantile and childhood sexuality, characterised by polymorphous perversity and a bisexual disposition, through to the fantasy scenarios and rivalrous identifications of the Oedipus complex and on to the greater or lesser extent these are modified in adult sexuality.

There are different trajectories for the boy and the girl which arise as 1920 sigmund freud biographies wikipedia of the castration complex. Anatomical difference, the possession of a penis, induces castration anxiety for the boy whereas the girl experiences a sense of deprivation. In the boy's case the castration complex concludes the Oedipal phase whereas for the girl it precipitates it.

The constraint of the erotic feelings and fantasies of the girl and her turning away from the mother to the father is an uneven and precarious process entailing "waves of repression". The normal outcome is, according to Freud, the vagina becoming "the new leading zone" of sexual sensitivity, displacing the previously dominant clitoristhe phallic properties of which made it indistinguishable in the child's early sexual life from the penis.

This leaves a legacy of penis envy and emotional ambivalence for the girl which was "intimately related to the essence of femininity" and leads to "the greater proneness of women to neurosis and especially hysteria. Some portion of what we men call the 'enigma of women' may perhaps be derived from this expression of bisexuality in women's lives.

Initiating what became the first debate within psychoanalysis on femininity, Karen Horney of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute set out to challenge Freud's account of femininity. Rejecting Freud's theories of the feminine castration complex and penis envy, Horney argued for a primary femininity and penis envy as a defensive formation rather than arising from the fact, or "injury", of biological asymmetry as Freud held.

Horney had the influential support of Melanie Klein and Ernest Jones who coined the term " phallocentrism " in his critique of Freud's position. In defending Freud against this critique, feminist scholar Jacqueline Rose has argued that it presupposes a more normative account of female sexual development than that given by Freud. She finds that Freud moved from a description of the little girl stuck with her 'inferiority' or 'injury' in the face of the anatomy of the little boy to an account in his later work which explicitly describes the process of becoming 'feminine' as an 'injury' or 'catastrophe' for the complexity of her earlier psychic and sexual life.

Throughout his deliberations on what he described as the "dark continent" of female sexuality and the "riddle" of femininity, Freud was careful to emphasise the "average validity" and provisional nature of his findings. Freud regarded the monotheistic God as an illusion based upon the infantile emotional need for a powerful, supernatural pater familias.

He maintained that religion — once necessary to restrain man's violent nature in the early stages of civilization — in modern times, can be set aside in favor of reason and science. He argues that the belief in a supernatural protector serves as a buffer against man's "fear of nature", just as the belief in an afterlife serves as a buffer against man's fear of death.

The core idea of the work is that religious belief can be explained through its function in society, not through its relation to the truth. In Civilization and Its Discontentshe considers the "oceanic feeling" of wholeness, limitlessness, and eternity brought to his attention by his friend Romain Rollandas a possible source for religious feelings.

He notes that he has no experience of this feeling himself, and suggests that it is a regression into the state of consciousness that precedes the ego's differentiation of itself from the world of objects and others. Moreover, he perceived religion, with its suppression of violence, as mediator of the societal and personal, the public and the private, conflicts between Eros and Thanatosthe forces of life and death.

Freud's ideas on the origins of the religious impulse, and the comforting illusion religion provided, were a significant contribution to a tradition of scientific humanist thoughtin which research and reason were the means of uncovering truth. They also served to highlight the powerful resonance of childhood influences on adult lives, not least in the realm of religion.

In a footnote of his Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old BoyFreud theorized that the universal fear of castration was provoked in the uncircumcised when they perceived circumcision and that this was "the deepest unconscious root of antisemitism ". Freud's legacy, though a highly contested area of controversy, has been assessed as "one of the strongest influences on twentieth-century thought, its impact comparable only to that of Darwinism and Marxism ," [ ] with its range of influence permeating "all the fields of culture Though not the first methodology in the practice of individual verbal psychotherapy, [ ] Freud's psychoanalytic system came to dominate the field from early in the twentieth century, forming the basis for many later variants.

While these systems have adopted different theories and techniques, all have followed Freud by attempting to achieve psychic and behavioral change through having patients talk about their difficulties. Psychoanalysis also remains influential within many contemporary schools of psychotherapy and has led to innovative therapeutic work in schools and with families and groups.

The neo-Freudiansa group including Alfred AdlerOtto RankKaren HorneyHarry Stack Sullivan and Erich Frommrejected Freud's theory of instinctual drive, emphasized interpersonal relations and self-assertiveness, and made modifications to therapeutic practice that reflected these theoretical shifts. The neo-Freudian analysis places more emphasis on the patient's relationship with the analyst and less on the exploration of the unconscious.

Jacques Lacan approached psychoanalysis through linguistics and literature. Lacan believed that most of Freud's essential work had been done beforeand that ego psychology and object relations theory were based upon misreadings of Freud's work. Lacan saw desire as more important than need. Wilhelm Reich developed some of Freud's ideas, such as Actualneurosis.

Freud applied that idea both to infants and to adults. In the former case, seductions were sought as the causes of later neuroses and in the latter incomplete sexual release. Unlike Freud, Reich retained the idea that actual experience, especially sexual experience, was of key significance. By the s, Reich had "taken Freud's original ideas about sexual release to the point of specifying the orgasm as the criteria of healthy function.

The key idea of gestalt therapy is that Freud overlooked the structure of awareness, "an active process that moves toward the construction of organized meaningful wholes Gestalt therapy attempts to cure patients by placing them in contact with "immediate organismic needs. Arthur Janov 's primal therapywhich has been influential post-Freudian psychotherapy, resembles psychoanalytic therapy in its emphasis on early childhood experience but has also differences with it.

While Janov's theory is akin to Freud's early idea of Actualneurosis, he does not have a dynamic psychology but a nature psychology like that of Reich or Perls, in which need is primary while wish is derivative and dispensable when need is met. Despite its surface similarity to Freud's ideas, Janov's theory lacks a strictly psychological account of the unconscious and belief in infantile sexuality.

While for Freud there was a hierarchy of dangerous situations, for Janov the key event in the child's life is an awareness that the parents do not love it. Ellen Bass and Laura Davis, co-authors of The Courage to Healare described as "champions of survivorship" by Frederick Crewswho considers Freud the key influence upon them, although in his view they are indebted not to classic psychoanalysis but to "the pre-psychoanalytic Freud Research projects designed to test Freud's theories empirically have led to a vast literature on the topic.

Inwhen the psychologist Saul Rosenzweig sent Freud reprints of his attempts to study repression, Freud responded with a dismissive letter stating that "the wealth of reliable observations" on which psychoanalytic assertions were based made them "independent of experimental verification. Greenberg concluded in that some of Freud's concepts were supported by empirical evidence.

Their analysis of research literature supported Freud's concepts of oral and anal personality constellations, his account of the role of Oedipal factors in certain aspects of male personality functioning, his formulations about the relatively greater concern about the loss of love in women's as compared to men's personality economy, and his views about the instigating effects of homosexual anxieties on the formation of paranoid delusions.

They also found limited and equivocal support for Freud's theories about the development of homosexuality. They found that several of Freud's other theories, including his portrayal of dreams as primarily containers of secret, unconscious wishes, as well as some of his views about the psychodynamics of women, were either not supported or contradicted by research.

Reviewing the issues again inthey concluded that much experimental data relevant to Freud's work exists, and supports some of his major ideas and theories. Other viewpoints include those of psychologist and science historian Malcolm Macmillan, who concludes in Freud Evaluated that "Freud's method is not capable of yielding objective data about mental processes".

Bernard Cohen regards Freud's Interpretation of Dreams as a revolutionary work of science, the last such work to be published in book form. William Domhoff has disputed claims of Freudian dream theory being validated. Karl Popper claimed that Freud's Psychoanalytic Theories were presented in unfalsifiable form, meaning that no experiment could ever disprove them.

Scruton nevertheless concluded that psychoanalysis is not genuinely scientific, because it involves an unacceptable dependence on metaphor. In a study of psychoanalysis in the United States, Nathan Hale reported on the "decline of psychoanalysis in psychiatry" during — Research in the emerging field of neuropsychoanalysisfounded by neuroscientist and psychoanalyst Mark Solms[ ] has proved controversial with some psychoanalysts criticising the very concept itself.

Psychoanalysis has been interpreted as both radical and conservative. By the s, it had come to be seen as conservative by the European and American intellectual community. Critics outside the psychoanalytic movement, whether on the political left or right, saw Freud as a conservative. Fromm had argued that several aspects of psychoanalytic theory served the interests of political reaction in his The Fear of Freedoman assessment confirmed by sympathetic writers on the right.

In Freud: The Mind of the MoralistPhilip Rieff portrayed Freud as a man who urged men to make the best of an inevitably unhappy fate, and admirable for that reason. Brown in Life Against Death Marcuse criticized neo-Freudian revisionism for discarding seemingly pessimistic theories such as the death instinct, arguing that they could be turned in a utopian direction.

Freud's theories also influenced the Frankfurt School and critical theory as a whole. Freud has been compared to Marx by Reich, who saw Freud's importance for psychiatry as parallel to that of Marx for economics, [ ] and by Paul Robinson, who sees Freud as a revolutionary whose contributions to twentieth-century thought are comparable in importance to Marx's contributions to the nineteenth-century thought.

Fromm nevertheless credits Freud with permanently changing the way human nature is understood. They believe this began with Freud's development of the theory of the Oedipus complex, which they see as idealist. Jean-Paul Sartre critiques Freud's theory of the unconscious in Being and Nothingnessclaiming that consciousness is essentially self-conscious.

Adorno considers Edmund Husserlthe founder of phenomenology, to be Freud's philosophical opposite, writing that Husserl's polemic against psychologism could have been directed against psychoanalysis. Several scholars see Freud as parallel to Platowriting that they hold nearly the same theory of dreams and have similar theories of the tripartite structure of the human soul or personality, even if the hierarchy between the parts of the soul is almost reversed.

Whereas Plato saw a hierarchy inherent in the nature of reality and relied upon it to validate norms, Freud was a naturalist who could not follow such an approach. Both men's theories drew a parallel between the structure of the human mind and that of society, but while Plato wanted to strengthen the super-ego, which Gellner compared to the aristocracy, Freud wanted to strengthen the ego, which corresponded to the middle class.

Thomas's belief in the existence of an "unconscious consciousness" and his "frequent use of the word and concept 'libido' — sometimes in a more specific sense than Freud, but always in a manner in agreement with the Freudian use. Auden in his collection Another Time. Literary critic Harold Bloom has been influenced by Freud. The decline in Freud's reputation has been attributed partly to the revival of feminism.

It was Freud's feelings about women's secondary and inferior relationship to men that formed the basis for his theories on female sexuality. Once having laid down the law about the nature of our sexuality, Freud not so strangely discovered a tremendous problem of frigidity in women. His recommended cure for a frigid woman was psychiatric care.

She was suffering from failure to mentally adjust to her 'natural' role as a woman. Naomi Weisstein writes that Freud and his followers erroneously thought his "years of intensive clinical experience" added up to scientific rigor. Freud is also criticized by Shulamith Firestone and Eva Figes. In The Dialectic of SexFirestone argues that Freud was a "poet" who produced metaphors rather than literal truths; in her view, Freud, like feminists, recognized that sexuality was the crucial problem of modern life, but ignored the social context.

Firestone interprets Freud's "metaphors" in terms of the facts of power within the family. Figes tries in Patriarchal Attitudes to place Freud within a " history of ideas ". Juliet Mitchell defends Freud against his feminist critics in Psychoanalysis and Feminismaccusing them of misreading him and misunderstanding the implications of psychoanalytic theory for feminism.

Mitchell helped introduce English-speaking feminists to Lacan. Gallop compliments Mitchell for her criticism of feminist discussions of Freud but finds her treatment of Lacanian theory lacking. Psychologist Carol Gilligan writes that "The penchant of developmental theorists to project a masculine image, and one that appears frightening to women, goes back at least to Freud.

Gilligan notes that Nancy Chodorowin contrast to Freud, attributes sexual difference not to anatomy but to the fact that male and female children have different early social environments. Chodorow, writing against the masculine bias of psychoanalysis, "replaces Freud's negative and derivative description of female psychology with a positive and direct account of her own.

In her analysis of Freud's work on religion in relation to gender, Judith Van Herik noted that Freud paired femininity and the concept of weakness with Christianity and wish fulfillment while associating masculinity and renunciation with Judaism. Toril Moi has developed a feminist perspective on psychoanalysis proposing that it is a discourse that "attempts to understand the psychic consequences of three universal traumas: the fact that there are others, the fact of sexual difference, and the fact of death".

The film is focused on Freud's early life from to and combines multiple case studies of Freud into single ones, and multiple friends of his into single characters. More fanciful employments of Freud in fiction are The Seven-Per-Cent Solution by Nicholas Meyerwhich centers on an encounter between Freud and the fictional detective Sherlock Holmeswith a main part of the plot seeing Freud helping Holmes overcome his cocaine addiction.

Mark St. Germain 's play Freud's Last Session imagines a meeting between C. The play is focused on the two men discussing religion and whether it should be seen as a sign of neurosis. Freud is employed to more comic effect in the film Lovesick in which Alec Guinness plays Freud's ghost who gives love advice to a modern psychiatrist played by Dudley Moore.

Portrayed by Rod LoomisFreud is one of several historical figures recruited by the film's time-traveling lead characters to assist them in passing their high school history class presentation. A revised and newly annotated edition of the Standard Edition texts was published in under the editorship of Mark Solms. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk.

Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Founder of psychoanalysis — For other uses, see Freudian slip and Freud disambiguation. Freud, c. HampsteadLondon, England. Martha Bernays. Jacob Freud father Amalia Nathanson mother. Neurology psychotherapy psychoanalysis. University of Vienna International Psychoanalytical Association.

Biography [ edit ]. Early life and education [ edit ]. Early career and marriage [ edit ]. Relationship with Fliess [ edit ]. Development of psychoanalysis [ edit ]. Early followers [ edit ]. Resignations from the IPA [ edit ]. Early psychoanalytic movement [ edit ]. Important figures. Important works. Schools of thought. Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis.

See also. Child psychoanalysis Depth psychology Psychodynamics Psychoanalytic theory. Patients [ edit ]. Cancer [ edit ]. Escape from Nazism [ edit ]. Death [ edit ]. Ideas [ edit ]. Early work [ edit ]. Seduction theory [ edit ]. Main article: Freud's seduction theory. Cocaine [ edit ]. Unconscious [ edit ]. Main article: Unconscious mind.

Dreams [ edit ]. Main article: The Interpretation of Dreams. Psychosexual development [ edit ]. Main article: Psychosexual development. Id, ego, and super-ego [ edit ]. Main article: Id, ego and super-ego. Life and death drives [ edit ]. Main articles: LibidoDeath driveand Repetition compulsion. Melancholia [ edit ]. Femininity and female sexuality [ edit ].

Religion [ edit ]. Main article: Sigmund Freud's views on religion. Legacy [ edit ]. Psychotherapy [ edit ]. Science [ edit ]. Philosophy [ edit ]. See also: Freudo-Marxism. Literature and literary criticism [ edit ]. Feminism [ edit ]. In popular culture [ edit ]. Works [ edit ]. Main article: Sigmund Freud bibliography. Books [ edit ].

1920 sigmund freud biography wikipedia: Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist and

Case histories [ edit ]. Papers on sexuality [ edit ]. Autobiographical papers [ edit ]. The Standard Edition [ edit ]. Correspondence [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 28 December Retrieved 8 June Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Psychoanalysis: A Very Short Introduction.

Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition, p. Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology. ISBN New York: Random House. What is Psychoanalysis? Freud: The Theory of the Unconsciouspp. London: Verso. For the influence on psychology, see The PsychologistDecember Archived 31 December at the Wayback Machine For the influence of psychoanalysis in the humanities, see J.

For the debate on efficacy, see Fisher, S. Freud and Psychoanalysis. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. BJPsych International. ISSN PMC PMID Freud's Women. London: Penguin Books,pp. Retrieved 18 July Encyclopedia Britannica. SUNY Press. For Jakob's Torah study, see Meissnerp. For the date of the marriage, see Ricep. Margolis, M.

Psychoanal : 37— Archived from the original on 23 February Retrieved 17 January Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May In this period he published three papers: Freud, Sigmund Freud, Sigmund Freud, Sigmund April For a more in-depth analysis: Gamwell, Lynn ; Solms, Mark Archived from the original PDF on 30 August S2CID Sigmund Freud: Life and WorkVol.

London: Hogarth Press,p. Freud: In His Time and Ours. Physis-Rivista internazionale di storia della scienza. Nuova serie in Italian. LIV Fasc.

1920 sigmund freud biography wikipedia: Sigmund Freud (Moravia, 6 May

Leo Olschki. Jewish Virtual Library. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June Retrieved 4 November The Armiger's News. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. A close study of Schopenhauer's central work, 'The World as Will and Representation', reveals that certain of Freud's most characteristic doctrines were first articulated by Schopenhauer.

Schopenhauer's concept of the will contains the foundations of what in Freud become the concepts of the unconscious and the id. Schopenhauer's writings on madness anticipate Freud's theory of repression and his first theory of the aetiology of neurosis. Cocaine [ change change source ]. The Unconscious [ change change source ].

1920 sigmund freud biography wikipedia: Sigmund Freud was an Austrian

Psychosexual development [ change change source ]. Id, ego, and super-ego [ change change source ]. See the main article: Id, ego, and super-ego. Life and death drives [ change change source ].

1920 sigmund freud biography wikipedia: Sigmund Freud (Template:IPA2), born

Later criticisms of Freud [ change change source ]. Related pages [ change change source ]. References [ change change source ]. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. S2CID Art history: a critical introduction to its methods. Manchester University Press, page Analyzing Freud: letters of HD Bryher and their circle. New Directions, New York.

Treating mind and body: essays in the history of science, professions, and society under extreme conditions. Essentials of psychology: concepts and applications. Contemperorary perspectives on socialization and social development in early childhood education. Information Age, page 5. Encyclopedia of depression. Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved An Outline of Psychoanalysis.

Origins of concepts in human behavior. New York: Wiley. ISBN Freud: a life for our time. WW Norton, page Freud: biologist of the mind. Abnormal psychology: an integrative approach 5th ed. Cognitive psychology: Applying the science of the mind 2nd ed. Civilization and Its Discontents. Ideas: a history, from fire to Freud. The technique and the results of this research work are explained in Freud's most important works: Die Traumdeutung 6th ed.

These medical-psychological studies yielded surprising results in relation to other subjects, and in the possibilities of their adaptation in other branches of knowledge, e. The principal works in this connexion are Totem und Tabu 2nd ed. Freud's works have been translated into English in collected form.