Marcus livius drusus the younger generation

Over time, the equestrian jurors proved reluctant to give guilty verdicts.

Marcus livius drusus the younger generation: Marcus Livius Drusus (before BC

Of the many political prosecutions in the years BC, not a single individual was condemned under their courts; this created great frustration in the Senate, as it paralysed one of the main avenues of political rivalry. This resentment was intensified by the prosecution and exile of the esteemed consularis Publius Rutilius Rufus in ca. They had famously opposed the rapacity of the equestrian businessmen operating in the province, gaining much praise from the provincials and the Senate but hostility from the equites.

Although Rufus was likely innocent, the jury nonetheless found him guilty, and he was sent into exile to Smyrna. The injustice of the affair was compounded by Rutilius Rufus' calm, Stoical acceptance of his fate, and his case was long a byword for unjust sentences.

Marcus livius drusus the younger generation: Marcus Livius Drusus (before BC –

Since Rutilius Rufus was one of Drusus' uncles, his scandalous exile likely provided the immediate incentive for Drusus' reforms. The exact form of Drusus' solution to this problem is unclear. Appian says that Drusus proposed to include new equites into the Senate, and that future jurors would now be drawn from the enlarged pool of senators.

In order to gain popular support for his jury law, Drusus put forward a number of supplementary bills. Alongside these popularist bills, Drusus passed a law making the equestrians liable to prosecution for bribery. Despite support from notable backers, Drusus' legislation attracted powerful opposition, including the consul Lucius Marcius Philippus.

Also among Drusus' opponents was the praetor Servilius Caepiohis former brother-in-law. On the day of voting, Philippus tried to stop proceedings, and was only deterred when one of Drusus' supporters throttled the consul to the point that he started bleeding. By September, momentum was turning against Drusus and his backers. The consul Philippus called for the abrogation of Drusus' laws, [ 46 ] and a heated exchange took place on 13 September in the Senate House between Philippus and Lucius Crassus.

Philippus claimed he could no longer work with the current Senate, to which Crassus retorted by calling Philippus' status as consul into question, remarking 'Should I consider you a consul, when you don't think that I am a senator? With Crassus dead, Drusus was robbed of one of his most influential backers. However, Drusus' proposal attracted more opposition, as many senators feared the personal power Drusus would gain from mass enfranchisement.

I swear by Jupiter Capitolinus, by Vesta of Rome, by Mars her ancestral god, by Sol the founder of the race, and by Terra the benefactress of animals and plants, likewise by the demigods who founded Rome and by the heroes who have contributed to increase her empire, that I will count the friend and foe of Drusus my friend and foe, and that I will spare neither property nor the lives of my children or parents except as it be to the advantage of Drusus and of those who have taken this oath.

If I become a citizen by the law of Drusus, I shall consider Rome my country and Drusus my greatest benefactor. It was also around this point that Drusus apparently suffered a minor breakdown or epileptic fit, prompting a flood of supportive messages from the Italian towns. Seeing the opposition in Rome to the bill, some of the Italians grew increasingly agitated.

Diodorus Siculus reports that Quintus Poppaedius Silo led 10, allies in a protest march on Rome, [ 58 ] while Florus remarks that Drusus' public meetings attracted such huge crowds that it seemed as though all of Rome were under siege. This was only foiled when Drusus himself caught wind of it and warned Philippus. In this tense climate of political disputes, alleged assassination plots, and Italian discontent, Philippus finally succeeded in persuading the Senate to abolish all of Drusus' marcus livius drusus the younger generation.

The justification was twofold: firstly, that the laws had been passed in contravention of the sacred auspicesmeaning they were contrary to the will of the gods; [ 63 ] and secondly, that they had contravened the Lex Caecilia Didia of 98 BC. Though he publicly denounced the senatorial decree, Drusus did not attempt to use his veto to oppose it.

It was at this point, sometime around September 91 BC, that Drusus was assassinated. Since the Social War 91—87 BC began almost immediately after his assassination, many Romans blamed Drusus for the war:. Accordingly when the citizenship promised to the allies was not forthcoming, the Italians in their anger began to plot revolt Marcus Livius Drusus, of whom even the Senate had come to disapprove, was the author of the Social War, and was as a result killed at his home; no-one knows by whom.

Marcus livius drusus the younger generation: Marcus Livius who served as censor

After Drusus' murder, a special court was set up under the lex Varia to prosecute those who, like Drusus, were suspected of encouraging the Italians to revolt. In the longer term, later generations of Roman historians considered Drusus' tribunate a critical milestone in the Crisis of the Roman Republic. AppianLivyand Florus all placed Drusus' "seditio" within a clear sequence of similar disorders.

In their analysis, he followed the examples of the Gracchi and of Saturninusand was succeeded by the sedition of Gaius Marius and Publius Sulpicius Rufus. Though accepting that his promises to the Italians in the year 91 BC directly precipitated the outbreak of the Social War, many modern scholars are more forgiving of Drusus. Drusus' complex scheme seems to be directed by a precise and shrewd awareness of the historical situation, the political forces at work, and the needs and interests which these forces represented and conveyed.

It reveals a political capacity which matched that of Gaius Gracchus. Drusus had several distinguished descendants. Through his adopted son, he became an ancestor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty ; and through the two marriages of his sister, Liviahe was uncle to Cato the Younger and great-uncle to Marcus Junius Brutus. At some point ca.

However, they appear to have divorced sometime around the year 97 BC without having any known children. This adopted son married Alfidiawith whom he had a daughter named Livia. This Livia was the famous Empress, the wife to the emperor Augustus and mother of the second emperor Tiberius. Therefore, through the adoption of his son, Marcus Livius Drusus and his family the Drusi became eventual ancestors to the imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty.

Drusus had a sister, Liviawhom he married to his friend and brother-in-law Quintus Servilius Caepio.

Marcus livius drusus the younger generation: There is ample evidence

Druse, Roxana — Druse, Jebel. Drury, Stephen. Drury, Sir E. Drury, II. Drury, Robert, Bl. Drury University: Tabular Data. Drury University: Narrative Description. Drury University. Druthmar, St. Druyanow, Alter. Druze Revolts. Druzhnikov, Yuri Greenidge, Hist. His son, Marcus Livius Drusus, became tribune of the people in 91 B. He was a thoroughgoing conservative, wealthy and generous, and a man of high integrity.

With some of the more intelligent members of his party such as Marcus Scaurus and L. Licinius Crassus the orator he recognized the need of reform. At that time an agitation was going on for the transfer of the judicial functions from the equites to the senate; Drusus proposed as a compromise a measure which restored to the senate the office of judices, while its numbers were doubled by the admission of equites.

Further, a special commission was to be appointed to try and sentence all judices guilty of taking bribes. But the senate was lukewarm, and the equites, whose occupation was threatened, offered the most violent opposition. In order, therefore, to catch the popular votes, Drusus proposed the establishment of colonies in Italy and Sicily, and an increased distribution of corn at a reduced rate.

By help of these riders the bill was carried. Drusus now sought a closer alliance with the Italians, promising them the longcoveted boon of the Roman franchise. The senate broke out into open opposition. His laws were abrogated as informal, and each party armed its adherents for the civil struggle which was now inevitable. Drusus was stabbed one evening as he was returning home.

His assassin was never discovered. See Rome: History, ii. Not Yet a Member? Click to Sign Up Now! Drusus proposed a grain law which presumably increased its distribution or lowered the costcolonies perhaps those 12 promised but never carried through by his father inand a distribution of land, presumably from the ager publicus Livy Per. While there were advantages for the who would be added to the senate, the rest were also furious at being passed over App.

The senate, too, while happy to have the law-courts returned, had no wish to share their prerogatives with equites, who would double their number and dilute the prestige of the current members App. The senate was also opposed to the proposal regarding citizenship for the Italians, as the upper classes of Italy would be able to stand for office at Rome, enlarging the Roman governing class and increasing the competition for magistracies.

BJ Licin-ius Crassus cos. Laws 2. Julius Caesar and L. Marcius Philippus, at the Latin festival normally held in April, but apparently the celebration was delayed in 91but the plot was discovered, and the consuls warned of this conspiracy Florus 2. There was also an informal attempt made on the city by the Marsic leader, Q. Poppaedius was concerned about the investigations into citizenship claims following the lex Licinia Mucia, but he was dissuaded en route by Domitius, possibly Cn.

Domitius Ahenobarbus, the consul of This is shown by the oath supposedly sworn to Drusus by the Italian leaders, which Philippus circulated to discredit him.