Logia lautarina bernardo ohiggins biography

However, recent research suggests that the Lodge was founded in CadizSpain, and that Miranda was not amongst its founders, as he himself was living in Paris at the time, from where he returned to London in January There were other secret lodges already working in Buenos Aires: the anglophile lodges " Hiram sons " and " Southern Star ", and the " Patriotic Society " that united the former supporters of Mariano Moreno.

This last lodge, opposed to the first two ones, was integrated into the new one created by the Spanish generals. Although the lodge is most commonly known as "Lautaro", it did not employ that name during all of its existence. The name made reference to Mapuche leader Lautaro[ 1 ] which made sense in Santiago de Chile in the period, but not in Buenos Aires in and much less in Europe.

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Logia lautarina bernardo ohiggins biography: The Lautaro origins can be

Read Edit View history. This victory, so short and decisive, would finally end the royalist military threat to Chile. The consummation of Chilean independence increased the wrath, and the plotting, of the Carrerists. When the two younger brothers arrived in Mendoza, they were captured and placed on trial. After news arrived of the defeat at Cancha Rayada, the people of Mendoza panicked, and the local administration decided on the execution of the brothers.

They were informed of their sentences and that they would die by firing squad. Although there is no direct evidence that Bernardo ordered their executions, the people of Chile believed that he had. Further, many people also blamed the sinister influence of the Lautaro. Protests began in the capital. Whether Bernardo had anything to do with it was immaterial.

The people believed that he and the Lautaro orchestrated the murder. Letters and pamphlets were written calling for the overthrow of the government in Santiago. In Buenos Aires, governmental instability led to a change in leadership. When his troops had plundered their way to Mendoza, the governor there was able to defeat Carrera and capture him.

He was expeditiously tried by court martial, convicted and executed. Bernardo should have been able to breath a sigh of relief. After all, his most bitter domestic enemy was gone, and its faction was decapitated. The resentment from the Chilean elite, however, only increased against Bernardo. The struggle with Spain continued without the Carreras.

The strange and mercurial Cochrane would go on to fight with much of the Chilean government, but Bernardo recognized his talents and hoped that an Englishman could build the best navy in South America. With the Spanish Navy neutralized, now was time for the final act of liberation, the invasion of Peru. On August 10,the Army of the Liberation of Peru embarked on ships of the Chilean navy for a seaborne invasion of the final royalist stronghold.

Bernardo believed that the army had only to show itself, and the people of Peru would greet them as liberators. Through a series of daring attacks along the Peruvian coast, royalist defenses were weakened. The councils of the royalists were divided. Some called for a life-or-death defense of Lima, the premier city of Spanish America. Others wanted a retreat north into the mountains.

In the end, little effective defense was made. On July 2,the patriots entered Lima without having to fight for the city. This protracted the war. He began sending message after message to Bernardo back in Chile requesting supplies. Resentment grew, and the natural focus for that resentment was the Supreme Director.

Logia lautarina bernardo ohiggins biography: The Lautaro Lodge (Spanish:

Despite the continuing war, as well as occasional royalist bandits and Araucanian attacks, Bernardo was determined to reform his country and mold it into his image. Schools were built to educate youth. While the improvements may have been popular, using prisoners was seen as heavy handed, and the funds for them had to be extracted through loans and taxes, already considered too high to begin with.

Needing to do something to bring stability to the country and improve his position with the citizenry, he issued a proclamation calling for elections for a new national assembly. But the war still went on. The Chilean army was still far from home. Lord Cochrane had, by this time, withdrawn from his fleet to his estate. Taxes were too high. The Carrera faction was still making rumbles against him.

On November 19th, an estimated 8. The two had fought together for years against the royalists. Both had been in the Army of the Andes and participated in its greatest triumphs. Over time, however, the two had a falling out and Freire began to grow frustrated with both his position and with his former friend. He would eventually resign in Bernardo attempted to placate the rebels.

Logia lautarina bernardo ohiggins biography: O'Higgins was the illegitimate

Some economic reforms were repealed. A few unpopular ministers resigned. Bernardo called on Freire to send delegates to negotiate and end the uprising. By now, the whole country had turned against Bernardo. Led by the Intendant of Santiago, an assembly was called together for January 28, They were afraid Bernardo would disperse them by force. Once it looked like force would be used by both sides, members of the assembly and Bernardo agreed to meet.

The assembly called for him to resign. Bernardo refused. Then a letter was brought to him explaining that no agreement could be had with Freire in the south. After reading the letter, Bernardo resigned as Supreme Director. After resigning, Bernardo was placed under house arrest. Many Carreristas were openly calling for his execution. He had a collapse in his health, causing headaches and temporary loss of sight.

Six months after his resignation, he was finally allowed out of house arrest and allowed to leave the country. His original destination was to be Ireland. He would live out the rest of his life in his ancestral homeland. But it was not to be. Bernardo would spend 18 years living in Peru as an exile.

Logia lautarina bernardo ohiggins biography: Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme was a

He would manage his estates with moderate success. He lived long enough to see the political chaos his country had fallen into. Some Chileans would attempt to get him to return and take control again. He would refuse every offer. He would even attempt to mediate during a war between Chile and the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Several times, he considered writing a biography of his father.

He would never write it. Chile needed its heroes. The government gave him his old rank of Captain-General back, although his promised accompanying pension was slow in coming. President Manuel Bulnes of Chile wrote to Bernardo requesting he return to his homeland. Bernardo was, as usual, enthusiastic. Passage to Chile aboard ship was purchased.

Upon reaching the port of Callao, Bernardo suffered a heart attack. Recovery was difficult, but two months later, he felt well enough to travel. Once passage was booked a second time, he suffered a second heart attack. Morir por la defensa de la Patria. La nuestra. Denslow en su obra " El ilustre Padre Hidalgo se llamaba "el afrancesado".

Edita: Quorum libros editores pag. Valle de Caracas. De Venezuela.